The Realization of the “Grand Unified Theory”

原创 海天雨虹微信公众号《 科学前沿 思考未来  》2023-04-20 03:41 发表于山东

 

“Atomism”, an ancient physics, philosophy of science, philosophical problem, since the recorded history of mankind, the famous philosophers of ancient Greece have almost all thought about this problem, and the research and thinking on this problem has been intermittently carried out for nearly three thousand years, still plaguing scientists, philosophers, an ancient problem that has not made progress so far. 

The “Haitian Yuhong Theoretical Physics Research and Thinking Team” believes that “the composition unit of matter, Democritus’ “atom” theory, after thousands of years of repeated times, finally found the material “atom” in the sense of scientific philosophy – “positrons, electrons” and their simplest combination photons, which is the basic unit of matter to build all things in the universe, and the finite (only two) material units realize the combined architecture and deconstruction of all matter in the universe. So that the existence, interaction and mutual transformation of cosmic matter, the life and breath, cycle, and reciprocal cycle of cosmic matter, endlessly…. ”。 

Now let’s compare the light of wisdom transmitted by ancient scientists, philosophers and other philosophers in “atomic theory” with the theory of “New Theoretical Physics” theory of the theoretical physics research and thinking team of Haitian Yuhong to see what the differences and similarities are between the two on the issue of “atomic theory”. 

1. Thales: Water is the best, water is the basic element of the beginning of the world, “all things are born in water, and all things return to water“, and all things have animism , all alive. 

“Water is the best“, for life, water is the basic substance on which all things depend; And for the entire universe, matter has no best, and all things are equal; The so-called good and bad are selected by human beings according to their own subjective consciousness. 

“Water is the basic element of the beginning of the world”, water is not the basic element of the beginning of the universe, nor is it the basic element of the beginning of the earth. 

“Aquatic all things, all things return to water”, water cannot produce all things, all things are not returned to water, but Thales’s all things do not give birth and do not die, the cycle repeats, the theory of reciprocating cycles, is one of the core contents of the theory of “the theoretical framework of “New Theoretical Physics”, “the combined architecture and deconstruction of all matter in the universe, So that the existence, interaction and mutual transformation of cosmic matter, the life and breath, cycle, and reciprocal cycle of cosmic matter, endlessly…. ”。 

All things have animism, matter is a living body, matter in the universe is alive, all have spirituality, this kind of life is not a narrow concept of life, but a broad concept of life, all things have a spirit is also “《 Oneof the core contents of the theory of “Theoretical Framework” of New Theoretical Physics: “The characteristics of celestial life, the research and reflection on the meaning of celestial rotation and rotation, found that cosmic celestial bodies have life, and the characteristic parameters of celestial life are the synthesis of the orbit, mass, volume and position of celestial bodies; The physical characteristics of celestial bodies are the rotation, mass, material composition and volume of celestial bodies. It reveals the characteristics and laws of the space-time movement of celestial bodies and the internal motion of celestial bodies, and the gestation, growth and evolution of celestial bodies and their laws”. 

The three main points in Thales’ thought, the theory of “New Theoretical Physics” theoretical framework, conform to its two points, all belong to the samegeneralization in the essence of theory: the cycle of matter in the universe is repeated, reciprocating; Matter in the universe, animism. 

2. Anaximander: “All things come from a simpleprimordial, the primordial of matter,” and the “primordial” of matter is an indefinite or infinite reality, arguing: “What arises from which all things arise, all things are destroyed and returned to it.” 。 

For the first time in the history of philosophy, the philosophical concept of “primordial” was proposed, the idea of necessity was proposed, and one of the basic assumptions of science was understood and applied: that there was an eternal movement, and in the process of this movement appeared the origin of all worlds. “What happens on Earth must also happen everywhere in the universe. Endless tribulations are a raw material of nature. 

All things come from a simple primordial, material origin, this is the earliest recorded theory of material origin, that the original substance is not the usual substance that can be seen, is a simple primordial essence, one here, can be broadly understood as “a class”, is the original substance that combines into all things; The theory of “Theoretical Framework of New Theoretical Physics” holds that “positrons, electrons and photons composed of “positron + electron” combination, positrons and electrons are the original substances and the smallest elementary particles of matter, and photons are the smallest stable substances composed of positrons and electrons, and positrons, electrons and photons together constitute everything in the universe. 

The “primordial” nature of matter is an indefinite or infinite reality, and the origin of matter is quantitatively indefinite and infinitely real, indicating the infinite quantity of matter in the universe, the theory of “theoretical framework of “New Theoretical Physics” It is believed that the universe time and space are infinite, the universe matter is infinite, the degree of infinity has exceeded the current level of human cognition, human beings with limited life face the infinite universe river, human beings cannot trace the river, find its source, it is difficult to go down the river, exhaust its end, what human beings can do is to use and protect their home, stand at the doorstep and look up at the cosmic galaxy, observe and study phenomena, think about the law of thinking, the long river of the universe, can only stop at the section of life can only stop…. … Before talking about the origin of the universe and the end of the universe, let’s study and think about the origin of the earth, the ultimate of the earth, and then, from this and the other, imagine and infer the stars of the universe, the river of stars and the sea of stars. 

What is born from all things, all things are destroyed and returned to it, this is the sublimation of his teacher Thales’ theory of “aquatic things, all things return to water“, which is a real physical and philosophical sense of the material “origin-everything-primordial” cycle theory. 

The idea of necessity The theory of “New Theoretical Physics” theory believes that everything in the universe has its own laws, any small probability of accidental events, as long as they exist, in the long river of the universe, this small probability event must be inevitable events, all material existence, material movement, material interaction effects, material changes, are all cause must have effect, there is an effect of effect, there is a cause and its own cause, And not God’s freewheeling dice rolling. 

Endless tribulations are a raw material of nature The so-called “raw material” is the original thing, one is material reality, the other is the property of material reality, Anaximander did not interpret this, but another student of Thales, Anaximenes, once interpreted it graphically with an example: it is matter.” Order to disorder, disorder to order” when the material structure changes, there is something in the process and the result, “wool is compressed, it is to be made into a blanket”, this process requires the participation of external forces, wool bunches, wire harness dyeing, carpet design, carpet weaving, carpet weaving, this series of processes from disorderly wool to the final orderly and perfect carpet, each process is an enabling process.” The theoretical framework of “New Theoretical Physics” “believes that the matter of the universe is matter, energy is energy, mass is conservation, energy is conserved, mass and energy cannot be converted into each other, mass is the origin of matter, energy is the characteristics of matter composed of matter, this characteristic is related to the mass of matter (the number of electrons and electrons of matter), related to the structure (architecture) of matter combined into matter, and related to the movement of matter. For a substance that determines the mass, the energy characteristics of matter are related to the structure of the matter, called structural energy (the energy between homogeneous isomers should be different), and related to the movement of matter, called motion energy. 

Moreover, the structure of matter changes, from disorder to order or from order to disorder, there is a force effect, the material system from disorder to order, external forces empower, and the material system absorbs energy; From order to disorder, internal forces release energy, and the material system absorbs energy; Similarly, the change of material movement must be forcefully at work, because the movement energy of matter is proportional to the square of the rate, so when the force is acting, the speed of material movement must change, but the rate of material movement may not necessarily change at the same time, the energy of material movement will not necessarily change, the change of material movement energy depends on the change of material force rate.

The five main points of Anaximander’s thought, the theory of “the theoretical framework of “New Theoretical Physics”, basically conforms to it, “original reality“, “original infinity“, and “primordial matter-primordial cycle” “, “the regularity and inevitability of the movement of matter”, “the original combination structure of matter”, and  more specific, clearer, and more definite. 

3. Anaximenes: “Gas is the source of all things“, fire is the purest or thinner zed air, and substances are produced by the process of gas aggregation and dispersion. 

Gas is the source of all things, which is obviously inaccurate; Gas can be considered as one of the origin substances of macroscopic objects in the universe, the accumulation of interstellar gas, cosmic celestial nebula origin theory, however, gas is not the original substance of all things. Gas is the source of all things, belongs to monism, is consistent with the basic idea of atomism, but does not find the origin of matter. 

Fire is the purest or lean air, the understanding of fire is wrong, fire is not air, fire is a process of releasing photons with a certain energy when the structure of the material changes, these photons and the material molecules of the air particle collision, energy exchange phenomenon, to be precise, fire is a thing, is a material participation, there is a beginning, there is a continuation, energy exchange, there is a new material formation process and results of the physical and chemical things. 

Gas is not a universal thing, can enter the soul of living beings, control the body. Gas is precious, “gas thins into fire”, compressed into wind”;” Recompressioninto water, “land” and “stone” is a great intellectual initiative, because it is a mental framework for finding the external conditions and processes required for the mutual transformation of matter and matter. “Everything in the world can be formed fromgases“, “New Theoretical Physics” theoretical framework” theory believes that the evolution of celestial bodies originated in nebulae, and the gaseous matter in nebulae accumulates with each other by gravity. Formation of primary celestial bodies, comets, gas planets, solid planets, stars, and more. 

In particular, the earth’s material is formed by the internal movement of the earth high temperature and high pressure and is formed step by step from small mass particles to large mass particles, in particular, the earth element is formed by the step-by-step evolution of gaseous substances-liquid substances-solid substances-heavy element substances, see “Celestial Rotation, Rotation and Its Effects” for details.

Anaximenes’ thought of “monism” and “material transformation conditions and change processes” have been embodied and applied in the theory of “theoretical framework of “New Theoretical Physics”, and its gaseous substance-fire-origin theory is not true. 

Pythagoras: All things are numbered, and numbers are the origin of all things; Numbers are the basis of the physical world. 

All things are number, number is the origin of all things, philosophers have given a variety of interpretations of this sentence, Haitian Yuhong team believes that this sentence does not mean “everything in the universe is number”, but that everything in the universe can be described by counting. 

1. If matter exists, there is a quantity, and this quantity is the number.

2. Matter exists, there is form, this form is occupied by space, there is a measurement scale, there is a description of form, this is the number.

3. Material existence is the existence in motion, there are fast and slow, deceleration and deceleration, which is also number.

4. In the movement of matter, there is a trajectory of movement, there is a curve and a straight point, it is also a number and a shape, or a number.

5. When matter exists, there is structure, and there is a combination of reality and void. 

Matter is all related to numbers, it is a mixture of numbers and shapes, so everything is numbered.

Number is the basis of the physical world, thecomposition of matter is the origin of matter, not number, number is to characterize the original number of matters, structural form, state of motion, number can reflect the external characteristics of matter, these characteristics are the structural basis of matter, not the number itself. 

Mathematics is suitable for describing things, not for explaining things, because it does not involve the essence of things, and two objects with completely consistent weight, size, form, and state of motion cannot be distinguished mathematically. But dogs that don’t know mathematics, for example by smell, can distinguish between them, and mathematics is only a tool for describing changes in quantity, morphology, and movement 。 Therefore, the abuse of modern physics and mathematics, thinking that solving equations can solve the law of change of various substances in the universe, in the infinite solutions of mathematics, there will indeed be a solution consistent with the actual existence of the universe, but to find this solution from the infinite solution, it is back to the starting point of the problem, to study the essence of the universe material existence, material movement, material interaction and influence, material changes, or should steadily study the nature of matter, mathematics is an important scientific research tool, but cannot be superstitious. 

The theory of “Theoretical Framework of New Theoretical Physics” strives to think about problems from the essence of the existence of matter in the universe, and to understand, explain and interpret the material connection and property relationship between microscopic matter and macroscopic matter in the universe, and find a unified universal law of material movement, interaction influence and change. 

Heraclitus: Fire is the origin of the universe and all things, all things are born from fire and returned to fire, and fire is the source of vitality for the change and death of all things; Everything flows, nothing resides. 

Fire is the origin of the universe and all things, everything is born from fire and returned to fire, and in Anaximenes there was a discussion of fire, the primordial nature of fire is not established, but all things are often associated with fire, such as the bright stars in the sky of the universe are almost all directly or indirectly related to fire. 

However, fire is not the origin of matter, it is not a material entity concept, but a material concept.

Fire and all things can be transformed into each other, fire is a physical and chemical process, is a process of material structure change, energy exchange, it should be said that fire is the product of the process of mutual transformation of matter, essentially called fire, is the process of material transformation, release photons process display.

In Heraclitus’ philosophy, fire is used to represent it, as a basic element, which is both a substance and a driving force, that is, this material is a granular real material origin, and naturally carries its own power. 

The theory of “New Theoretical Physics” theory holds that everything in the universe is composed of positrons, electrons and photons in different quantities and different structures, which is the unity of the uniqueness and diversity of matter. The forces between microscopic substances in the universe mainly include the repulsion between same-sex charged substances, the gravitational force between heterosexual charged substances, and the electromagnetic action “gravity and repulsion” of matter-equivalent electric dipole electromagnetism; The equivalent electric dipole effect of the macroscopic matter of the universe is the driving force of the correlation between the matter and the matter of the universe, this power is the electromagnetic interaction force formed by the electric dipole effect between matter and matter, macroscopic is gravity, gravity makes the universe matter has been in accelerated motion, matter interacts with each other, and transforms each other under certain conditions, which is the interpretation of the cycle of unity and diversity of matter. 

This realizes the unity of the “atomism” of the original existence of the reality of matter and the dynamic existence of the motion of matter. 

Anaxagoras, put forward the theory of “seed” (the essence of matter), the theory of “nus” (the power of change), “All things are infinitely divisible.” said.  

Seeds, which believe that cosmic matter is composed of various material seeds, is to deny monism and move towards pluralism, and furthermore, there is no clear concept of multi-seed and goes to chaos, which leads to the origin matter of the stars, which is the aggregation of mixed gaseous matter. 

Nus is used to explain the dynamics of the polymerization and separation of matter, but here, a directional enlightenment is also not given.

The infinite divisibility of matter, this is a pluralistic view of the origin of matter, and it is also a philosophical view advocated by many later materialists, which is no problem in the sense of mathematics and philosophy. However, in the sense of cosmology and physics, infinite divisibility has certain flaws. 

The theory of “New Theoretical Physics” theory holds that the power of material aggregation is derived from the electromagnetic attraction under the electric dipole effect due to the anisotropy of charges between substances or the electromagnetic gravity of the electric dipole effect, the power source of material dispersion, and the same charge between matter particles when the cohesion force under the gravity of matter exceeds a certain limit and the electromagnetic repulsion under the electric dipole effect. 

The smallest unit of matter that maintains a certain property of a substance is the smallest particle of matter of this nature, a particle of substance that cannot be redivided. The smallest component unit of matter, in the concept of modern physics, is elementary particles, the smallest elementary particles of matter, so far, are positrons and electrons, positrons and electrons are the smallest elementary particles that are inseparable, and the smallest stable matter particles are photons “positron + electrons”.

Parmenides, who believes that real things are constantly changing, that there is no fixed form, that all changes in the world are illusions, that the senses are deceptive, somewhat similar to quantum mechanics, “inaccurate”, and put a large number of tangible things,Dismissed as a mere illusion, “cold” only means “not hot”, and “dark” only means “not light”; It is believed that the only real existence of the universe is “one”, and “one” is material, occupies space, spherical, indivisible, and its totality Filled with space,omnipresent. 

and leads pure logical reasoning into metaphysics, “You cannot know what non-existence is—that is impossible—and you cannot say it; For what can think and what can exist are the same thing. “It follows from this that there is only one being, which does not spawn and does not die; According to logical reasoning, it denies the existence of emptiness, and at the same time, assumes that all change requires emptiness, so it denies change and considers change only It’s an illusion. 

Liqueur, who clearly proposed the atomism that”everything is composed of atoms”, extended themonomeric view of nature to the whole The physical world put forward the atom theory, which believes thatatoms are different in size, shape, weight, etc., and cannot be destroyed or created, and everything in the universe is a group of inseparable material atoms Fit; The number of atoms is endless. 

The formation of the universe is explained as: the atoms in the universe are moving forever in the void, and due to the vortex-like movement, the larger atoms are driven to the center of the vortex to form the earth, and the finer atoms such as water, air, and fire are driven into space, resulting in a vortex movement around the earth.

Large atoms outside the Earth come together to form wet masses, which burn up to form celestial bodies by drying out their movements through the vortex.

To assert that “being” does not belong to all the different qualitative stipulations that manifest in experience, and that the only nature of existence is the nature of the enriching space, that is, substance. It is believed that the diversity of things and the changes that occur in their movement are because basic existence is not separated by another existence, but by what does not exist, that is, by non-existence, that is, by  immaterial things, by void 。 

Emphasize that there is a void between material atoms and atoms, rather than material atoms and atoms closely together, otherwise, it is not easy to form diversity, in fact, it is about materiality and structure. 

This non-existence, that is, “not existence in the actual sense“, must also be given a sense of existence, or a sense of metaphysical reality. 

The idea that “being” is an infinite fine particle that is “eternal, unchanging, immutable, immortal, finite, and indivisible.” These particles are called atoms, andthere are countless such atoms, infinite in morphology,and their size must be imperceptible. 

Empedocles, who first moved from monism to a kind of pluralism, in order to avoid many difficulties in explaining the diversity of things in terms of a primitive entity, believed that the matter of the universe was composed of “earth, air, and Fire and water” are composed of four elements, each of which is eternal, andthe four “elements” can be mixed in different proportions to be “loved.” Combined, separated by the “struggle,” a complex substance of all kinds of changes is produced. 

“Love” and “struggle” are primitive essences of the same level as earth, air, fire and water (there is no answer to what is “love”, what is “struggle”, what causes it, adopted an anthropomorphic act of consciousness, and, more than two thousand years have passed, whyis there no one to think about love and struggle and interpret it? ）。 

All change is not governed by any purpose, but by “opportunity” and “necessity”. There is a cycle: when the various “elements” are thoroughly mixed by “love”, the “struggle” gradually separates them again; When the “struggle” separates them, “love” gradually unites them together. 

Each synthetic entity is temporary; Only “prime”, “love” and “struggle” are eternal, “love” and “Hate”(gravity, repulsion) is the cause of eternal change. 

Empedocles believed that the material world was a ball; In the original entity, all four “roots” are muggedtogether by “love.” Then, when “love” disappears and”hate” enters people, these “originals.” “Primes” areseparated and combined. After that, these “elements” are all separated, and “love” is outside the world. Finally,”love” brings together “elements” and “hate.” Disappeared again. 

In the Golden Age, “struggle” was on the outside and”love” was on the inside; Then the “struggle” gradually enters, and the “love” is expelled from the outside until the worst is formed “Struggle” is completely inside the ball and “love” is completely outside the ball. 

And then – although it is not clear for what reason – a reverse movement begins until the golden age resumes, but the golden age is not always permanent, at which point the whole cycle repeats itself, borrowing the yin and yang of ancient Chinese philosophy. Passing the yang is yin, there is yang in yin, yin in yang, yin, and yang alternately, yin and yang are transformed, and each other is the premise, and the cycle is repeated.

Empedocles uses the four “primes” as the basic origin, which is the usual real material existence, that is, themixing and separation of a small number of usuallybasically different entities The infinite diversity of thingsis a reasonable compromise that avoids the difficulties of monism and allows for the establishment of some order. 

Democritus, the first to propose atomism, everything is composed of atoms, one of the founders of the atomic materialist theory, inherited and developed the atomism of Mr. Liqueur, laying the cornerstone for the development of modern atomic science. 

“Atoms” are very small, not only cannot be seen with the naked eye, but also with a microscope. 

So how was atomism proposed two thousand years ago? In ancient times, atomism has not yet become ascientific theory, and the scientific and philosophical circles generally believe that it is a philosophicalspeculation, and in essence, it is a philosophy of science that is summarized according to the observation and study of natural phenomena. 

It is believed that the original or fundamental elements of all things are “atoms” and “voids”, and in this way refers to the most basic particles of matter that make up concrete things. The origin of all thingsis atoms and voids, atoms are a final indivisible particle of matter, and everything in the universe is made up of movement in the void The composition of atoms. 

The so-called production of things is the combination of atoms, and atoms are in eternal motion, that is, movement is the inherent nature of the atom itself. The void is absolute nothingness, the place of atomic movement. 

Atoms are called existence, and voids are called non-existence, but non-existence does not mean non-existence, but the void is not full relative to the atom that is full. Non-existence and existence are real, non-existence exists between reality, structure, and structure. 

The fundamental property of atoms is “full and solid”, there are no gaps inside the atom, and the atom is solid, inaccessible, and indivisible. 

Atoms are infinite in number and cannot be created out of nothing, nor can they be destroyed. 

The atom is in constant motion, and its only form of motion is “vibration”. 

Atoms are small and invisible to the eye, that is, they cannot be known to the senses, but can only be recognized through reason. 

Atoms have always existed in the universe, and any changes in them are the combination and separation caused by them.

The world is produced by atoms in the vortex of the void, and there are countless worlds in the universe that are constantly generating and dying, and the world in which man exists is only one of them that is changing. 

Atoms are infinite in number and diverse in form. In the falling motion of atoms, the faster and larger hit the smaller, producing lateral motion and rotational motion, forming everything, and changing, and all objects are different due to the difference in the number, shape and arrangement of the atoms that make up them. 

Atoms are essentially the same, they have no “internal morphology”, and the interaction between them is transmitted by collision extrusion.

According to this theory, Democritus also proposed his theory of celestial evolution, that is, in a primitive vortex motion formed by a part of atoms due to collision and other reasons, the larger atoms are driven to the center of the vortex, and the smaller ones are driven to the periphery. The large atoms in the center gather with each other to form a spherical combination, the Earth. Smaller atoms of water, gas and fire produce a rotational motion around the Earth in space. 

The atoms outside the Earth dry out due to rotation and eventually burn up to become celestial bodies. 

According to Democritus, the human soul is also composed of the most active and subtle atoms, and it is also an object, and the atoms separate, the object isdestroyed, and the soul is of course destroyed. 

Atomism explains the epistemological problem: the atoms that continue to flow out of things form “images”, and human feelings and thoughts are produced by this “image” acting on the senses and mind, which is his “image theory”. 

He also distinguished between perceptual cognition and rational cognition, arguing that perceptual cognition is the most initial stage of cognition, and that humansenses cannot perceive everything, such as atoms and voids, cannot be recognized by the senses, whenperceptual cognition can no longer see, hear, smell, and touch in the smallest field. Rational understanding is needed. 

Reason has a more refined tool, and the mind is a magnifying glass, a microscope, a telescope, an analyzer. 

Calling perceptual cognition “ambiguouscognition” intuitive perception cognition, rationalcognition being “knowledge of truth” sublimation and summarization. 

In his view, there is no difference in nature between atoms and atoms, and the color and taste of various things perceived by feeling are habits and subjective thoughts of people, in fact, this is the interaction between a certain characteristic of the perceived substance and a certain characteristic in the perceiver’s senses. An image or result formed by comparison with memories stored in the mind. 

Democritus’ idea of atomic materialism is the most important result of the development of ancient Greek materialism, which advocates that everything in the world is interconnected and constrained by causal inevitability and objective laws, and believes that the vortex motion formed by atoms colliding with each other in the void is the cause of the formation of all things, called necessity, and when emphasizing necessity, it denies contingency , reducing all the roles of nature to necessity. 

The void between atoms in Democritus’ philosophy is not nothing; It is the loader of geometry and kinematics, and the structure of matter contains the void, similar to housing, which is a combination of matter and space, which makes the various arrangements and movements of atoms possible. However, the possibility of the void is always a matter of debate in philosophy (in general relativity, the answer given is that geometry is produced by matter, or matter is produced by geometry, which is both immaterial, idealistic mathematical deduction). This answer is more closely in line with the view of many philosophers thatspace is defined by the extension of matter, but Democritus clearly deviated from this view to make change and movement possible.) 。 

The atoms of Democritus, all of which are identical entities with the properties of existence, but withdifferent sizes and different shapes, are a compromise. 

Democritus reserved the nature of “existence” for atoms, that is, the nature of extension in space, the nature of shape and motion, the smallest elementary particles of matter are the reality of matter, the smallest elementary particles can be combined and linked to become larger substances by gravity, they can be driven away by repulsion to break things apart, the composability of matter, the mutual attraction and repulsion between matter and matter, so that matter and matter have motion. 

They are described as divisible in the mathematical sense, mathematically infinite separability, refers to the infinite divisibility of the idea, which is broken in half to infinity, which is mathematically achievable beyond doubt, the production of the concept of infinitesimals. 

In the physical sense, it is indivisible, physical indivisibility, means that matter is a substance with characteristics, real material existence, like mathematics, day by day, over time, matter is no longer a substance, that is, matter in the physical sense has its material stability, has its minimum basic granularity. 

This is the physical meaning of the smallest elementary particle of matter, which is also the biggest difference between mathematics and physics, mathematics can fly at will by imagination, and physics must be associated with cosmic things, and be tested and verified by the existence of cosmic matter, motion interaction mutual influence, change and its laws. 

Atoms can move and occupy different positions in space, have no other physical properties, have no  color, no smell, and no taste The physical properties perceived by sensory organs are conceived as being caused by the position and movement of atoms in space. Just as tragedy and comedy can be written in the same alphabet, the great diversity of events in this world is achieved by the same atoms through their different arrangements and movements. Geometry and kinematics, the void that makes them possible, are in some ways more important than mere existence. 

Democritus has been quoted as saying: “Matter only appears to have color, only whether it is sweet or bitter, only atoms and void are real beings (color, sweet, bitter, spicy, salty, fragrant, smelly, cold, hot, etc. are all reflections in consciousness of the interaction between matter and matter“. 

Some people think that Democritus, in inheriting Liqueur’s “atomic theory”, continued the idea that Liqueur’s atoms are indivisible, thus leaving a permanent regret. 

This is a misreading, which is related to the understanding of atomism, most people interpret atomism as an atomism in the philosophical sense, in fact, the theoretical basis of atomism is still extensive and in-depth research and thinking on physical phenomena, on the basis of which the understanding of the material of the universe is summed up, the larger level is atomism in the physical sense, not atomism in the philosophical sense, if you want to be attached to this science, it should belong to atomism inthe sense of the philosophy of science From the perspective of philosophy of science, the irreseparability of atoms has its own unique essential significance, because the infinite divisibility of mathematical and philosophical thinking is different from the real material existence of the universe studied by physics. Moreover, even mathematical and philosophical separability is a defined relative separability, which at first glance seems to have no end, in fact, there are limits to mathematically separable , for example, the elements in the set of natural numbers, “one” is the element that cannot be divided. 

Aristotle, Aristotle, a student of Plato, did not agree with the view that “ideas are prototypes of physical objects, and they do not depend on physical objects and exist independently”. The idea that the universe is made up of things that are in harmony with their own forms and materials. “Material” is the material of things, and “form” is the individual characteristics of everything. A chicken with fluffy wings, the “form” of this chicken is that it can puff its wings, coo, lay eggs,etc. When the chicken dies, the “form” ceases to exist,the only thing left is the substance of the chicken, and the form is the material structure and its characteristics. 

Aristotle believed that knowledge originates from sensations, rational schemes and ends are the guiding principles of all natural processes and believes that there are four main “causes.“

Material factor, that is, the main substance that forms the object. 

Form factors, that is, the structure and properties of the main substance. 

Dynamic factors, causes of changes in motion, interactions, and effects between matter. 

The purpose cause, the tendency of the motion of the object to change. 

Aristotle focused on the formal and teleological causes of objects, believing that formal causes are contained in all natural objects and actions. At first these forms are latent, but once an object or organism has developed, these forms are revealed. 

Aristotle believed that in concrete things, there is no form without material, and there is no material without form, and the process of combining material and form is the movement of potential into reality; The earthly world is composed of four elements: earth, water, air and fire. Each of these elements represents a combination of two of the four basic properties (dry, wet, cold, hot), earth = dry + cold; Water = wet + cold; gas = humidity + heat; fire = dry + hot; White is the purest light, while various colors are light that changes for some reason and is impure. 

Aristotle drew on Euclid’s idea of proving the origin of the universe with geometry, and in the study andthinking of the origin of the universe, he created formallogic, the first logic in human history. The form here is not the shape of things, but the form of thought, or the form of perception and cognition. 

Logical form determines that the illusion of all things floating is prescribed to death, so as to explain the flow of all illusions, which is called formal logic, which derives the understanding of all things in logical form. Logical thinking runs through research, statistics and thinking, In terms of research methods, he is accustomed to taking a critical attitude towards past and contemporary theories, proposing and discussing theoretical blind spots, using deductive reasoning, and arguing in the form of syllogism. 

Aristotle defined “logic” as “necessary derivation,” whereby “cause” must have a corresponding “effect.”When given a certain material, logically deduced, the conclusion is given and determined. 

This given conclusion is given by the logical form, and therefore the logical form is true. Material and form, these are the two ways of inquiry in the early years of ancient Greece (science, philosophy). 

Pursuing materials, chasing out atomic theory, so farthe entire human physics has gone to particle physics, modern physics, and the “new theoretical physics architecture” of the Haitian Yuhong research and thinking team. 

Questioning form, asking about number theory forms, geometric forms and even logical forms, so far human logic has not been completed. 

Motivational cause ( caused by action force, external force), purpose cause.

Aristotle said that there is another question that has not been dealt with in these two inquiries, that is, what is the movement of all things or the power of all things. Sohe proposed the motivation factor.

What is the ultimate destination of the operation of all things? Where is the goal? It’s called me. There is a certain law in the evolution of all things, and where does this law or the driving force for the evolution of all things come from? Where is it going? 

Aristotle did not give a clear answer to these two questions. The ancient Greek philosopher also had a lot of speculation, but under the conditions of the time, he could not draw conclusions, so three things were ruled out as conclusions.

God, an escape, Socrates said, God is followed by a linger of endless questions. 

Goodness, the most beautiful thing that human beings pursue, is an idea that explores motive causes and purpose causes. 

Wisdom, also called knowledge, the infinite pursuit of knowledge and wisdom, further thinking and searching based on knowledge, looking for the essence and laws of matter hidden behind knowledge, so thatthe problem can be perfectly explained and answered. 

Aristotle’s theory of the four causes still exhausts these four causes, so that these four causes are still expressed as a state of continuous inquiry, which is the overall presentation of ancient Greek philosophy, thus forming an important system called deep inquiry and precise logic. 

Constantly asking how to pursue hypotheses through hypotheses, and for the hypotheses to be established, or at least recognized at the time, they must be verified through sophisticated logic.

The starting point is philosophy, and the ending point becomes science. Special attention should be paid to in-depth questioning, continuous questioning by future generations, continuous rebuttal, and precise logic verification, and constantly using precise logic to organize the flaws in this hypothetical system. 

This series of thousands of years of work forged philosophical thinking and scientific thinking, and when Aristotle said that form determines content. 

When the ancient Greek philosophers said that an idea is the origin of all things, although idealism at that time was an epistemological problem, that is, the prescriptive problem of the spirit itself had not yet begun to be explored, it had already laid the groundwork for subsequent development. 

The categories discussed by Aristotle are not the categories of the objective world, but some fixed modules in logic and thinking. This thing later deeply influenced Kant, and Kant later organized four groups of 12 categories to discuss this consistent inquiry of knowledge, form, logic, and thought, which constitutes the long-term development of Western philosophical thinking. 

These conclusions, its unfolding is to express the continuous depth and thought of the inquiry and precision verification, hypothesis and proof system, and the continuous mobilization and training of precision argumentation. The starting point is that everything that is obtained at the level of perception needs to be further proven, but cannot be confirmed. This is the beginning of narrow philosophy, which was tempered in ancient Greece for hundreds of years to form a sophisticated logical system.

Modern atomism

After the Western Renaissance, the research of natural science has been widely paid attention to, marked by the establishment of Newtonian mechanical system, natural science has entered a brilliant period of development. Thanks to the efforts of the French scholar Gassed and others, the atomism of Democritus and others was revived in the 17th century.

However, at this time, atomists were no longer interested in how to imagine how to compose the world, but how to establish the basic theories of physics and chemistry on the basis of atomism.

Descartes denied the indivisibility of atoms, and the original universe consisted of particles of the same size, which formed vortices along closed curves, resulting in today’s universe basically consisting of three different particles, the properties of which can be quantitatively described by mass, velocity, and amount of motion. 

Boscovich tried to explain all known physical phenomena with an atomic model without size and only mechanical action, which laid the foundation for the later theory of gas molecular motion.

Most scientists’ main interest in atomism is chemistry, where they believe that atoms themselves cannot be changed, and that atoms are simply juxtaposed when incorporated into larger units.

Sent has clearly distinguished between elementary atoms and atoms that have been combined.

Boyle followed the same line of thought, recognizing that the combined atoms acted as elementary particles in the chemical sense.

Dalton John Dalton, British chemist, physicist, andoriginator of atomic theory. Dalton proposed in 1803 in 1803, inheriting the ancient Greek naïve atomism and Newtonian particle theory, proposing the atomism, its main points:

(1) Chemical elements are composed of indivisible particles, atoms, which he considers to be the smallest unit of indivisibility in all chemical changes.

(2) The atomic properties and mass of the same element are the same, the properties and mass of atoms of different elements are different, and atomic mass is one of the basic characteristics of elements.

(3) When different elements are combined, atoms are combined in a simple integer ratio. The law of multiplication is derived and experimentally proved. If the mass of one element is fixed, then the mass of another element in various compounds must be a simple integer ratio.

Dalton’s atomism holds that the smallest unit of the material world is the atom, which is single, independent, indivisible, and maintains a stable state in chemical changes, and the properties of the same kind of atoms are also consistent.

Dalton’s atomic theory is the first time that human beings systematically expounded the microscopic material world based on the evidence of scientific experiments, which is a profound and leapfrog achievement of human beings in understanding the material world.

To be precise, Dalton’s atom is actually a mixture of molecules and atoms in modern physics. 

In the eighteenth century, scientists remembered atoms as impenetrable rigid solids, and all atoms of any chemical element were assumed to have the same weight, and any two different atoms had different weights. A few scientists regard the interior of an atom as an elastomer with relative motion inside it (yes -5616), while most scientists reject this hypothesis because it is too complex to recognize the actual motion inside and its effects. However, when two inelastic atoms collide, the motion energy will be partially lost, so the kinetic energy of a collection of atoms will gradually decrease with the internal collision, which is inconsistent with experimental observations. 

Boskovic, Italian astronomer and mathematician. In order to overcome the problem of the inelastic atom hypothesis, an atomic hypothesis was proposed, which held that the atom was only the center of attraction and repulsion at a distance, and there was no actual collision, and Ampere, Kusch, and Faraday all regarded the atom as having no generality, or only as the center of force, but the hypothesis that the atom has no generality but has mass and can be acted on by various forces, which is very difficult to imagine. 

Another attempt to overcome the difficulty of inelastic atoms is to assume that the smallest particle of matter is not an atom, but a group of atoms, which is what came later.

By the middle of the nineteenth century, the use of atoms and molecules was still ambiguous, with “basic (or simple) molecules” referring to atoms and “combination molecules” denoting molecules.

In 1873, when Maxwell gave a speech at the British Physical Society, as a physicist, he focused on the tiny parts of matter, and he proposed the term “molecule” in the atomic sense, that is, “molecules are tiny parts of matter, and the arbitrary further division of these tiny parts will make them lose the properties of the original matter”; And “the movement inside every molecule is composed of rotation and vibration in the molecular components”, which is the concept of atoms in the modern physical sense. 

In the twentieth century, chemistry, physics, philosophy of science have been developed rapidly, especially the development of atomic physics on the atomic internal matter particles, material structure experimental exploration, theoretical research have achieved great success, so far, electrons, positrons, neutrinos, gluons, bosons, quarks, neutrons, protons… ； More than 100 chemical elements and countless material forms; In astronomy, asteroids, comets, planets, stars, white dwarfs, neutron stars, the Milky Way, extranuclear galaxies, etc., have reached an unprecedented breadth and depth of understanding of the universe. 

So, looking back, how does modern physics compare with ancient atomic theories? Obviously, the word atom has lost the concept of ancient atoms in modern physics, because it has been occupied by chemistry, and ancient water, fire, earth, and gas naturally lost the concept of atoms, because they are not basic substances, not even elemental. What will be the result of following the path of ancient philosophers to question the design of atoms: material cause, form cause, dynamic cause, and purpose cause? Is there a solution to this problem in physics, philosophy of science, and philosophy that has existed for nearly 3,000 years? Taking a step back, is there a phased solution?

Compared with Democritus’ atomism, obviously, in terms of material, it should include a series of smaller elementary particles such as positrons, electrons, protons, neutrons, etc., but specifically, those are the elementary particles of the necessary properties, and those are the elementary particles of the composite materials, will the selected elementary particles become the “atoms” of the nineteenth century?

The requirement for atoms, which are indivisible, through which all cosmic matter can be combined, must be understood, and remembered according to Democritus’ idea that atoms can explain the properties of matter by their movement and arrangement –color, smell, taste, then they themselves cannot have these properties. Democritus removed these properties from the atom, which is a more abstract part of matter. Democritus preserved for atoms the properties of “being”, that is, the properties that extend in space (from small combinations to large and from large combinations to smaller), shapes (forms of space occupancy, which can be described in three dimensions), and motion the nature (movement, vibration, rotation, etc. in space-time, no motive factor is involved). 

The reason for retaining these properties is that if these properties were also removed, it would be difficult to talk about atoms after all. 

Democritus ‘s primitives are difficult to explain geometry, extension, and existence in space, because they cannot be reduced to something more fundamental, and on this basis, it has been argued that in modern physics “fundamentals.” The modern view of “particles”seems more consistent and thorough. Protons, neutrons, and electrons are elementary particles, but what exactlydoes the picture of a “neutron” look like? What is the nature? How do neutrons combine with whom to form everything in the universe? Neutrons in modern physics, called quantum, are sometimes described as waves or wave packets, and neutrons are theoretically real matter beings, but are they the original unit of basic matter? Modern physics does not give an accurate picture of the neutron, and it seems that only “no color, no smell, no taste” can be like Democritus’ atoms. 

And to find from elementary particles, “Democritus reserved the “existing” properties of atoms, that is, properties that extend in space (can change from small combinations to large, from large combinations to smaller), shapes (space occupancy forms, Theseproperties of motion (movement, vibration, rotation, etc. in space-time, without involving dynamic factors) that can be described in three dimensions”, it seems difficult to describe clearly. 

If you want to give an accurate description of the fundamental particle, then the only thing that can be written down as a description is a function of probability, which is obviously not an accurate description , which is a probability description. 

Moreover, modern physics’ nature of existence (if that can be called “nature”) is not something described. Because what is called existence in modern physics is only characterized as a possibility or as a tendency. 

Obviously, the “elementary particles” of modern physics are more abstract than the Greeks’ atoms, and there is already a real existence that becomes possible,according to elementary particles This nature of ours seems to consistently serve as a clue to explain the behavior of matter, but only as it seems. 

It seems that according to Democritus’ atomic standard, modern physics has studied the microscopic composition of matter more and more deeply, as if it is getting farther and farther away from the solution of the “atomic” problem.

So, what about modern physics on the atomical issue considering Heraclitus’ theory? Instead of using the word “energy” instead of “elementary particles,” replacing the word “fire” in Heraclitus’ doctrine, the view of modern physics seems to be verbatim to restate the proposition of Heraclitus’ doctrine. 

In fact, energy is the  entity that makes up all the elementary particles, all the protoplasm’s, and thus the entities that make up all things and the energy quantity itself is a thing of motion. 

Energy is an entity because its total amount is constant, and as has been seen in many experiments that produce elementary particles, elementary particles can bemade from such entities. Energy can be transformed into motion, heat, light and tension. Energy can be called the fundamental cause of all changes in the world. 

However, energy and mass are essentially different, energy is a kind of workmanship, and mass is a kind of material reality, is the amount of matter, that is, the number of substances containing the smallest elementary particles, energy is attached to the mass of matter, material structure and material movement and exists, energy is not an entity, is a property of an entity, this property is related to the movement of the entity (motion energy), and the structure of the entity (structural energy). 

In Democritus’ philosophy, atoms are eternal, indestructible units of matter, and they can never be transformed into each other. On this issue, modern physics took a clear stance against Democritus’ materialism in favor of Plato and Pythagoras. 

“It is true that elementary particles are not eternal, indestructible units of matter; they can actually transform into each other. In fact, if two such particles move in space with high kinetic energy and collide with each other, then many new elementary particles can be produced from the effective energy, and the original two particles can disappear in collision. Such events are often observed and provide the best evidence for the assertion that all particles are made of the same entity—”energy.” 

However, the similarity between the views of modern physics and those of Plato and Pythagoras can be further developed. 

The elementary particles in Plato’s Timaeus are ultimately not entities, but mathematical forms. “Everything is numbered”, Plato should be that everything is numbered, the original meaning should be “everything can be counted to express”, “all can be counted”, not “everything is numbered”, “everything has quantity, shape”, this is the famous Pythagorean saying. 

The following trumpet characters are mainly quoted from the fourth chapter of Heisenberg’s “Physics and Philosophy” (adding some of the research and comprehension of the Haitian Yuhong team).

At that time, the only mathematical forms applied were geometric forms such as regular polyhedral or the triangles that made up their surfaces. In modern quantum theory, there is no doubt that elementary particles are ultimately mathematical, but with more complex properties. Greek philosophers thought of static forms and imagined them taking regular polyhedral forms. However, modern science has been approached by kinetics since its inception in the 16th and 17th centuries. 

Since Newton, the constant factor in physics has not been positional shapes, or geometric shapes, but the laws of dynamics. The equation of motion always holds, it is eternal in this Italian, while geometric shapes, such as orbits (trajectories), are constantly changing. 

It follows that some mathematical form representing elementary particles will be some solution to some eternal law of motion of matter, which is, in fact, an unsolved problem.

The fundamental laws of motion of matter are not yet known, so it is not yet possible to mathematically derive the properties of elementary particles from such a law, but theoretical physics in its present state does not seem very far from this purpose, or at least what kind of laws we must expect.

The final equation of motion of matter may be some kind of quantized linear wave equation about the wave field of the operator, where the wave field meter represents only matter and not any particular type of wave or particle. This wave equation may be equivalentto some rather complex systems of integral equations that have what physicists call “eigenvalues” and “eigen solutions.” 

These eigen solutions will eventually represent elementary particles; They are the mathematical forms of regular polyhedral that will replace Pythagoras. We can point out here that these “eigen solutions” will be derived from the basic equations of matter, and the mathematical method used is very similar to the method of deriving the harmonic vibration of Pythagorean strings from the differential equation of strings, which should be the germ of the so-called string theory, which was developed by Heisenberg’s Physics and Philosophy”. 

“However, as noted earlier, these issues are not yetresolved”. That is to say, the mathematical atomism applied to Plato and Pythagoras is also unsolvable for the time being. 

Following Pythagoras , one can hope that the fundamental law of motion will end up being a mathematically simple law , even if the calculation of the eigenstates can be complex. It is difficult to adduce any sufficient arguments for this expectation of simplicity—apart from the fact that, hitherto it has always been possible to write down the basic equations in physics in simple mathematical form, a fact consistent with the religion of Pythagoras.

Many physicists share the same belief, but there is not yet a convincing argument to prove that it must be.

Here, we can make a little more discussion about the question that ordinary people often ask about the concept of elementary particles in modern physics.

The question is: Why do physicists argue that their elementary particles cannot be divided into smaller parts?  The answer to this question clearly shows howabstract modern science is than Greek philosophy. 

The argument is as follows: How can you split an elementary particle? Of course, only with extremely strong force and very sharp tools. The only tools that work are other elementary particles.

The collision between two very high-energy elementary particles is the only process that can actually split the particles.

In fact, they can be divided in such a process,sometimes into many pieces; But the fragments are stillelementary particles (an abuse of the term elementary particles), not any smaller part of them, and the mass of these fragments is produced by the very huge kinetic energy of two particles that do not touch each other. 

In other words, energy is converted into matter so that fragments of elementary particles can still be the same elementary particles. 

The analogy between modern ideas in atomic physics and Greek philosophy must be added with the caveat that there should be no misunderstanding of this analogy.

At first glance, it seems that the Greek philosophers arrived at the same or very similar conclusions to modern physics by some genius intuition, which came to after centuries of hard work in experiment and mathematics.

This interpretation of the atomistic analogy of modern physics with the atomistic analogies of ancient scientists and philosophers is, in any case, a complete misunderstanding. 

There is a huge difference between modern science and Greek philosophy, and that is the empiricist attitude of modern science. 

Since the time of Galileo and Newton, modern science has been based on the detailed study of nature, on the assumption that only statements that have been experimentally confirmed, or at least can be confirmed experimentally, are permissible 。 

In order to study details and find enduring laws in continuous change, one can use an experiment to isolate several events in nature, a concept that the Greek philosophers did not think of.

Thus, modern science was founded from the outset on a much more cautious and solid foundation than ancient philosophy. Therefore, the statements of modern physics are in a sense much more serious than Greek philosophy (this is not the case, since probability theory itself is not an exact scientific, but a pragmatic technique – 5616). 

For example, when Plato said that the smallest particle of fire is a tetrahedron, it is difficult to understand what he really meant. Is it that the form of the tetrahedron is only attached to the elemental fire like a symbol? Or do the smallest particles of fire behave mechanically like a rigid tetrahedron or an elastic tetrahedron? What force can be used to divide them into equilateral triangles? There are also some such problems.

In the end, modern science always asks: How can one be experimentally sure that the atoms of fire are tetrahedron and not cubes?

Therefore, when modern science says that a proton is a solution to a fundamental equation of matter, it means that we can mathematically derive all possible properties of a proton from this solution, and we can experiment to verify the correctness of this solution in every detail. The possibility of experimentally verifying the correctness of a statement with great accuracy and in any number of details gives the statement enormous weight that the ancient Greek philosophical Chen Da could not have.

Nevertheless, some statements of ancient philosophy are quite close to those of modern science. It simply shows how far one can come by combining the everyday experience of nature that we have had without experimentation with the tireless effort to find some logical order in this experience in order to understand it according to universal principles 。 

Although modern physics has carried out extensive and in-depth experimental research, theoretical research and thinking exploration on the internal structure of atoms and the particles of the constituent matter, giving a large number of experimental results and theoretical results, but modern physics because of quantum theory, probability theory, uncertainty principle, mass-energy equivalence, light duality, etc., a series of theoretical assumptions, quantum concepts, mathematical methods, etc. that violate the theories, principles and principles of classical physics have been abused. The level of scientific cognition and other comprehensive considerations as the theoretical basis for the interpretation of phenomena, and there is no accurate consideration standard for equipment accuracy, experimental accuracy and scientific cognitive level, therefore, modern physics has become a pragmatic scientific and technological theory, making the distance between modern physics and science that studies the actual material existence of the universe and the nature of material movement more and more farther, becoming more and more mathematical, more and more abstract, more and more metaphysical. 

Modern physics still has not found the basic building blocks of matter, because there are N kinds of elementary particles in modern physics, how they are combined into all things, how to achieve the characteristics of matter, how to move, how to form gravity Many problems are still not solved, so the “atomism” This ancient physics, philosophy of science, philosophy of philosophy of philosophy not only cannot give their own answers, seems to have a trend of further and further away. 

According to the theory of “Theoretical Framework of New Theoretical Physics”, it consists of three parts:

Basic theoretical postulates

The assumption that the smallest elementary particle and the smallest elementary charge of matter are the two smallest elementary particles of matter, and all matter is a combination of different quantities, different arrangements, and different architectures of these two smallest elementary particles. 

A photon is a positron and an electron to form the first stable particle of matter, and photons are called positron and negative electron pairs.

All matter is a combination of positrons, electrons and photons, and the matter composed of two photons is called a photon pair; Matter consisting of more than two photons is called a photon stack. 

Neutrinos, bosons, neutrons, etc. can all be considered photon stacks.

A substance composed of a photon stack and positrons is a positive matter, and a substance composed of a photon stack and electrons is an antimatter; A proton is a positron and a pile of photons nearly the size of a neutron; Atoms are dynamic equilibrium matter composed of protons (including neutrons) and distant orbiting electrons. 

An important point is that all positrons and electrons are the same except for the similarities and differences in charge symbols, and their positions and roles in the photon stack can be replaced equivalently. 

Electric dipole theory

The theory of electric dipoles includes the formation of electric dipoles of matter, photons being the smallest electric dipoles in the universe.

The macroscopic matter of the universe is a large equivalent photon stack composed of micro-molecular stacks, the microscopic electric dipole effect accumulates to form the equivalent electric dipole effect of macroscopic matter, and the electromagnetic interaction between macroscopic matter and matter through the equivalent equivalence dipole effect affects each other, and the electromagnetic force between macroscopic matter is the gravitational force between macroscopic matter in the universe. 

Gravity makes everything in the universe in a continuous accelerating motion, and the accelerated motion increases the polarization of the microscopic matter of matter, and the equivalent electric dipole effect of macroscopic matter is further enhanced.

Orbit, rotation, and effects of celestial bodies

The celestial body is regarded as a cosmic life body, the revolution of the celestial body is the life characteristic parameter of the celestial body, and the rotation of the celestial body is the physical characteristic parameter of the celestial body, the celestial rotation is determined by the gravitational interaction between the celestial body and the high-order celestial body (the main celestial body of the celestial system, such as the sun in the solar system), and the celestial rotation is determined by the celestial rotation and the celestial body’s own material existence and material movement. 

The “atomism” of the Haitian Yuhong team is as follows:

1. Positrons and electrons are the smallest material origin of all things in the universe, positrons and electrons are the smallest elementary particles that cannot be divided, positrons, electrons with different numbers and different architectures constitute everything in the universe, everything is composed of positrons and electrons, and everything disintegrates and returns to positrons, electrons.

Positrons and electrons are the smallest material origin with charge, positrons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, the two have equal amounts of electricity and opposite electrical properties; They are all charged substances with the smallest unit of electricity, and positrons and electrons have no difference except for the opposite electrical properties.

2. The interaction force between charged substances will occur, and the force conforms to Coulomb’s law: the interaction force between two stationary point charges in a vacuum is proportional to the product of their charge quantity, inversely proportional to the power of their distance, the direction of the force is on their connection, the same-sex charge repels each other, and the oppositecharge phase Mutual attraction (action time).

The force between positrons and positrons, electrons and electrons is a repulsive force, and the purpose of the repulsive force is to increase the distance between each other and push the other party farther; The force between positrons and electrons is attraction, and the purpose of attraction is to shorten the distance between each other and pull each other closer.

3. Positrons and electrons have no structure, which can be regarded as rigid spheres, which have no other properties except charge characteristics, and therefore, have neither mass nor energy.

The so-called positron, electron mass, not their real mass, positrons, electrons only number and charge, usually measured mass is charge-to-mass ratio, that is, the ratio of charge to mass, in fact, this mass reflects the essence of the material is not mass is the quantity of positrons, electrons, and the mass of matter in classical physics is essentially the total number of positrons and electrons that matter contains, and the reason why the mass can be used to reflect the quantity of matter is that the smallest elementary particle composition of the substance is dotted particles, The material composed of dotted particles macroscopically has electric dipole characteristics, that is, macroscopic substances have mutual attraction, so the so-called mass of matter actually measures the interaction relationship between the electric dipole electromagnetic field of the material and the electromagnetic field of the surrounding matter, because the gravitational electromagnetic field on the earth is roughly the same, the interaction force between the earth and the material near the earth is proportional to the influence of the earth’s rotation, which is why the mass of the material can be weighed, which is a relative comparison. This shows that when the largest object is far away from the surrounding matter, its weight tends to zero, and free travelers will be attracted to the nearest object and approach it, so that it is easy to understand why the sun can drag a large family of children in space and space.

So, what about the energy of matter? The energy of matter is the motion energy of matter and the structural energy of matter, so motion energy is a function of the motion state of positrons and electrons; Structural energy is a function of the position arrangement between positrons and electrons in matter.

4. Photons are composed of a positron and an electron, so photons are the smallest stable combination of substances and are structured substances.

The structure of photons is a combination of a rigid positron ball and a rigid electron ball, which is a combination that can be rotated and placed in any direction, both as one and free sliding and rotating, so when photons move in the electromagnetic field, the structure direction will be adjusted at any time with the change of the electromagnetic field.

Photon is also an object composed of a positive charge and a negative charge, therefore, it has its own electromagnetic properties, in its positron, electronic structure, positron one end is positively electric, showing positive charge electric field characteristics, electron end is negative electricity, showing negative charge electric field characteristics, because positrons, electron points contact together, so, positive charge electric field and negative charge electric field interaction to form a fusion electric field superposition, forming a polar electromagnetic field, and photons are called the smallest electric dipole, Photons have electromagnetism, which is why photons interact with the electromagnetic field in space-time when they move in space-time, and affect each other to cause changes in the electromagnetic field and produce electromagnetic waves.

Electric dipoles are polarized, so electric dipoles and electric dipoles can be in series to form larger electric dipoles, which is the source of the extensibility of matter, that is, photons and photons can be aggregated in series with each other to form a larger material-photon stack. 

5, all materials composed of photons are photon stacks, microscopically, physics has found particles, no electrical display, are photon stack substances, such as, neutrons, bosons, gluons, neutrinos, the most typical characteristics of photon stack matter is no electrical display, but there is a weak magnetic field display, because they have very little interaction with external electricity, and electromagnetism is also extremely weak, therefore, they are not easy to find, mass is not easy to measure, even larger neutrons. 

Dark matter is mainly photon pile matter, which is the material of celestial luminescence scattered in the interstellar space of the universe, they are the matter decomposed by celestial bodies, and they can also be regarded as the seeds of future celestial bodies, so that the realization and circulation of cosmic matter is realized.

Although the photon stack belongs to weak electromagnetic substances, when it exceeds a certain amount, the comprehensive super electric dipole they form will show super electromagnetic characteristics, such as the earth, with the earth’s own electromagnetic field, the electromagnetic field makes the earth’s material gather together, tend to the center of the earth, form the earth’s internal ultra-high pressure high temperature, high pressure comes from the earth’s electromagnetic accumulation gravity, high temperature is due to the earth’s internal material under high pressure rotation, moving squeeze friction.

Earth matter is composed of low atomic number to high atomic number matter, and high atomic number matter is produced by nuclear fusion of low atomic number.

6. The material formed by the photon stack substance and positron (electron) is a non-photon stack substance, obviously, the non-photon stack substance is a substance with electrical display. 

A non-photonic stack substance composed of a photon stack substance combined with positrons is called a positive matter; non-photonic stack matter composed of photon stack matter and electrons is called antimatter.

At present, in the space where the earth is located, stable matter should be positive matter, and the antimatter of transient existence may have, but it will be neutralized by positive matter in an instant.

Protons are synthesized by a photon stack of matter and a positron, and since the mass of protons and neutrons (total number of positrons + electrons) is not much different, so a simple proton is understood as a photon heap neutron synthesized with a positron, and similarly, neutrons can also be regarded as a proton capturing an electron.

Since the photonic stack material is a weak electromagnetic substance, the non-photonic stack material has both electrical and electromagnetic characteristics. This is also the reason why protons and neutrons can co-nucleate in the nucleus.

For multiphoton with high atomic number substances, the intervention of neutrons is necessary, because when the same-sex non-photon stack matter is close, it has a repulsive force, the non-nucleus tends to be strong, and the photon stack has the ability to aggregate each other, but the electrical characteristics of the non-photon stack are much greater than the electromagnetic characteristics of its non-photon stack, in order to enhance the aggregation force, it is necessary to increase the number of photon stacks, so that both increase the distance between the non-photon stacks and increase the aggregation force between the photon stacks, which is the way to get along between neutrons and protons inside the nucleus. This is also the source of stability of the nucleus of stable matter, of course, for an atom, the number of neutrons in the nucleus is not more stable, this needs to have a relative ratio, this ratio and the number of electrons outside the nucleus should be related, the nucleus is too large, the number of electrons outside the nucleus is too small, then the movement of the extranuclear electrons will be disturbed, and the neutrons in the nucleus will also be released by decay.

7. Atoms in the sense of “atomism” in classical philosophy are two smallest elementary particles that only have electrical differences, and I did not think that only the smallest elementary particles of these two substances can put together everything in the universe and evolve everything in the universe. Everything is a combination process and result of positrons and electrons. 

Positrons and electrons have positive and negative electrical charges and are the smallest elementary particles of matter with physical properties, which is different from the prophecy of Democritus, which is incognizable in his time, the two smallest elementary particles of matter can be combined into all things, and the self-driving force can realize the combination process of matter, the process of motion, the interaction effect (gravity, gravity and repulsion, hearing, vision, taste, touch, smell, thought), the process of change combination and disintegration, the cycle of repetition, and the cycle 。 

The smell of matter is a cognitive experience formed by the interaction between molecular particles of matter and biological sensory organs in the mind and is associated with previous experience.

The color of an object is the impression formed by the object absorbing and reflecting the photons in the eye in the eye, causing the light sensation to be transmitted to the brain.

8. Infinite divisibility, infinite divisibility in mathematics and philosophy, is the infinite divisibility of human thinking, which is broken in half day to infinity, which can be undoubtedly realized mathematically, and the concept of infinitesimal can be derived from this.

Physical indivisibility means that matter is a substance with characteristics, real material existence, like mathematics day by day, over time, matter is no longer a substance, that is, matter in the physical sense has its material stability, has its smallest basic granularity, this is the physical meaning of the smallest elementary particles of matter, which is also the biggest difference between mathematics and physics, mathematics can fly arbitrarily by imagination, and physics must be associated with cosmic things, and are affected by the existence and interaction of cosmic matter , changes and their laws are examined and verified. 

The beginning and end of the movement of matter in the entire universe is a philosophical problem, physics studies the beginning and end of the phased process of material movement, not the beginning and end of the material movement of the entire universe, human beings should recognize the relative stage cognition of the universe cognition, rather than the absolute group period of full-space cognition, which is determined by the limitations of human cognition. 

9. All things have animism to positrons, electrons, because their electrical properties make positrons and electrons have the ability to distinguish cognition of similar and heterogeneous kinds, and can take corresponding modes of action according to their own cognition, and the interaction between similar kinds is repulsive, and joint efforts are made to keep the same kind away from each other, expand the territory, spread farther, and do not communicate with each other; The interaction between heterogeneous species is gravity, and the joint efforts make heterogeneous species close to each other, hold hands and embrace, and forever tie the knot and are inseparable. positrons electrons meet and combine into photons, photons become the smallest stable material elementary particles, with electromagnetism, when encountering other substances, attract each other, try to huddle, become bigger and stronger, isn’t this spirituality? So, animism. 

Moreover, positrons, electrons and photons combined as photons are extremely sensitive to the electrical and magnetic properties of the outside world, and will respond to electromagnetic fluctuations in the outside world, which is the eternal relationship between cosmic matter, the electromagnetic field formed by the electromagnetism of cosmic matter, becoming the cosmic material base magnetic field, the universe is always in accelerated motion, during the movement of matter, its own electromagnetic field will interact with the cosmic basement magnetic field, causing fluctuations and changes in the cosmic basement magnetic field, This fluctuation and change in turn has an effect and influence on the accelerated motion of matter and its magnetic field distribution, so the electromagnetic field of the movement of the universe matter has an impact on the distribution of the universe’s basement magnetic field, fluctuations, on the contrary, the universe base electromagnetic field will also counter the electromagnetic field distribution of the material, causing changes and fluctuations in the state of material motion, which is why the cosmic matter is both particles and fluctuations, particles are the essence of matter, and fluctuations are the characteristics of matter and other substances interacting with each other

10. The power of the movement of matter in the universe originates from the gravitational force and repulsion inherent in the charge characteristics of the smallest elementary particles of matter, positrons and electrons, and gravity and repulsion are not the origin of matter, but the properties of the original of matter , and the photons composed of positrons and electrons have electric dipole characteristics, and the electric dipole characteristics will not disappear during the aggregation of matter, but will be further enhanced. 

There are three main characteristics in the universe matter: positive electricity, negative electricity and electromagnetism, with a point of matter have an electrical one, or positive or negative, except for electrons, positrons, all matter has electromagnetism, that is, all substances composed of electrons and positrons have electromagnetism, and the same kind of electrical charge can be accumulated, heterogeneous electrical charges can be reduced in equal amounts, forming electric dipoles, electric dipoles have electromagnetism, electromagnetism can be accumulated, can also be reduced from each other, but will not annihilate, cosmic matter is positron , different numbers of electrons and photons and different structural combinations, these combinations are of different degrees, and the electromagnetism associated with their motion state and structure is the basic material property of gravity, and gravity is the electromagnetic force of cosmic matter. 

The cycle of matter in the universe is the material basis and driving force of the existence of matter in the universe, the movement of matter and the change of matter, and the matter of the universe cannot be created or destroyed, and the material energy of the universe cannot be created or destroyed. 

The theoretical framework of “New Theoretical Physics” traces the origin of matter to two smallest elementary particles, two smallest elementary particles that are only electrically different, through a photon axiorational hypothesis verified by modern physical experiments, through positrons, electrons and their smallest composition, photons. Motion and change provide material guarantees, power guarantees and energy guarantees, realizing the process and result of reducing everything in the universe to their different combinations, and everything to the interaction between all things. 

The theory of “New Theoretical Physics” has concisely and systematically solved many problems such as the combination and mechanism of action of all things, so that everything in the colorful universe has obtained a fundamental explanation of science Thus, the ancient problem of “atomism” has been solved in a phased and comprehensive scientific and philosophicalsolution in history. The theory of “New Theoretical Physics” theory concisely and systematically solves many problems such as the combination and mechanism of action of all things, so that everything in the colorful universe has obtained a scientific fundamental explanation, thus realizing the ancient problem of “atomism”, in history, staged and comprehensive scientific solutions and philosophical solutions, so that human beings have pursued thousands of years of physics, chemistry, biology, human thinking, philosophy of all causes of “great unified theory” “. 

 

By Haitianyuhong Research and Thinking Team（海天雨虹研究思考团队）

Written by：Honghai Yu， Yong  Yu （0086）13999315616

2023.03.23

（转载自海天雨虹微信公众号《科学前沿思考未来》，略有修订）